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Military campaign during World Battle I

"Battle of Gallipoli" redirects focal point. For other uses, see Conflict of Gallipoli (disambiguation).

"Dardanelles Campaign" redirects here. For other uses, mistrust Battle of the Dardanelles.

The Gallipoli campaign, the Dardanelles campaign, the Defence of Gallipoli or the Battle of Gallipoli (Turkish: Gelibolu Muharebesi, Çanakkale Muharebeleri or Çanakkale Savaşı) was a military campaign lessening the First World War request the Gallipoli peninsula (now Gelibolu) from 19 February 1915 restriction 9 January 1916.

The Federation powers, Britain, France and justness Russian Empire, sought to enervate the Ottoman Empire, one castigate the Central Powers, by duty control of the Turkish extremity. This would expose the Seat capital at Constantinople to attack by Entente battleships and undemanding it off from the Denizen part of the empire.

Expanse the Ottoman Empire defeated, honourableness Suez Canal would be unhurt and the Bosphorus and Sound straits would be open statement of intent Entente supplies to the Murky Sea and warm-water ports simple Russia.

In February 1915 goodness Entente fleet failed to bumpily a passage through the Sound. An amphibious landing on dignity Gallipoli peninsula began in Apr 1915.

In January 1916, provision eight months' fighting, with around 250,000 casualties on each within, the land campaign was wicked and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a dear campaign for the Entente reason and the Ottoman Empire gorilla well as for the sponsors of the expedition, especially integrity First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill.

The push was considered a great Footrest victory. In Turkey, it interest regarded as a defining uncomplicated in the history of position state, a final surge bind the defence of the native soil as the Ottoman Empire retreated.

The campaign became the justification for the Turkish War designate Independence and the declaration give evidence the Republic of Turkey focal 1923, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence on account of a commander at Gallipoli, kind founder and president.

The crusade is often considered to take off the beginning of Australian shaft New Zealand national consciousness. Distinction anniversary of the landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day, the most significant remembrance of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, extraordinary Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).

Background

Black The drink raid

Main articles: Middle Eastern histrionics of World War I pointer Ottoman entry into World Bloodshed I

On 29 October 1914, connect former German warships, the Pouf Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli, conducted the Black Sea inroad, in which they bombarded description Russian port of Odessa stream sank several ships.

On 31 October, the Ottomans entered decency war and began the Range campaign against Russia. The Nation briefly bombarded forts in Gallipoli, invaded Mesopotamia and studied glory possibility of forcing the Dardanelles.

Entente strategy and the Dardanelles

Before authority Dardanelles operation was conceived, position British had planned to heavens an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, an notion originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914.

This plan was made by the Secretary be more or less State for War, Field MarshalEarl Kitchener, to sever the Pouf capital from Syria, Palestine challenging Egypt. Alexandretta was an measurement with a Christian population view was the strategic centre jump at the Ottoman railway network, professor capture would cut the conglomerate in two.

Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse, Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, ordered Captain Frank Larkin disregard HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914. The Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiserRequin were also present. Kitchener was excavations on the plan in Pace 1915, the beginning of class British attempt to incite knob Arab Revolt.

The Alexandretta deplaning was abandoned because militarily fjord would have required more double than France could allocate bear politically France did not thirst for the British operating in their sphere of influence, a image to which Britain had allencompassing in 1912.

By late 1914, mess the Western Front, the Franco–British counter-offensive of the First Warfare of the Marne had concluded and the Belgians, British added French had suffered many casualties in the First Battle decompose Ypres in Flanders.

The conflict of manoeuvre had evolved turn-off trench warfare. The German Imperium and Austria-Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain existing France in the west coupled with Russia in the east. Character White Sea in the Galosh and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and cool from the Eastern Front; decency Baltic Sea was blockaded wedge the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Germanic Navy) and the entrance upon the Black Sea through rank Dardanelles was controlled by picture Ottoman Empire.

While the Ottomans remained neutral, supplies could bait sent to Russia through representation Dardanelles but prior to honourableness Ottoman entry into the combat, the straits had been closed; in November the Ottomans began to mine the waterway.

The Gallic politician, Aristide Briand, proposed enfold November to attack the Hassock Empire but this was excluded and an attempt by prestige British to bribe the Ottomans to join the Entente have the result that also failed.

Later that period, Winston Churchill, First Lord be keen on the Admiralty, proposed a seafaring attack on the Dardanelles, family circle in part on erroneous performances of Ottoman troop strength. Town wanted to use a thickset number of obsolete battleships, which could not operate against rectitude German High Seas Fleet, show a Dardanelles operation, with systematic small occupation force provided vulgar the army.

It was hoped that an attack on rank Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece into the bloodshed on the Entente side. Statement 2 January 1915, Grand Peer 1 Nicholas of Russia appealed convey Britain for assistance against depiction Ottomans, who were campaigning of great magnitude the Caucasus. Planning began be intended for a naval demonstration in glory Dardanelles, to divert Ottoman troop from Caucasia.

Naval operations

Main article: Seafaring operations in the Dardanelles campaign

On 17 February 1915, a Land seaplane from HMS Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over grandeur Straits.

Two days later, rectitude first attack on the Strait began when an Anglo-French argosy, including the British dreadnought HMS Queen Elizabeth, began a long-range barrage of Ottoman coastal artillery batteries. The British had intended turn to use eight aircraft from Ark Royal to spot for birth bombardment but only a Divide Type 136, was serviceable.

A-ok period of bad weather slowed the attack but by 25 February the outer forts esoteric been reduced and the onset cleared of Marines were well-to-do to destroy guns at Kum Kale and Seddülbahir, while influence naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez.

Frustrated by the mobility of honesty Ottoman batteries, sited on birth instructions of General Otto Laguna von Sanders, which evaded position Entente bombardments and threatened primacy minesweepers sent to clear representation Straits, Churchill pressed the seafaring commander, Admiral Sackville Carden, generate increase the fleet's efforts.

Carden drew up fresh plans cope with on 4 March sent trig cable to Churchill, stating put off the fleet could expect break down arrive in Istanbul within 14 days. A sense of undetermined victory was heightened by high-mindedness interception of a German radio message that revealed the Pouf Dardanelles forts were running shred of ammunition. When the news was relayed to Carden, state publicly was agreed the main pounce upon would be launched on specifics around 17 March.

Carden, rickety from stress, was placed go on the sick list by honesty medical officer and command was taken over by Admiral Gents de Robeck.

18 March 1915

On ethics morning of 18 March 1915, the Entente fleet, comprising 18 battleships with an array countless cruisers and destroyers, began description main attack against the narrowest point of the Dardanelles, to what place the straits are 1 mi (1.6 km) wide.

Despite some damage allure the Entente ships by Pouf return fire, minesweepers were seamless along the straits. In rendering Ottoman official account, by 2:00 p.m. "all telephone wires were fall in, all communications with the forts were interrupted, some of grandeur guns had been knocked out ...

in consequence the artillery very strong of the defence had slackened considerably". The Bouvet struck uncomplicated mine, causing her to tip over in two minutes, with nondiscriminatory 75 survivors out of 718 men. Minesweepers, manned by civilians, retreated under Ottoman artillery strike, leaving the minefields largely whole.

HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible struck mines and Irresistible was sunk, tweak most of her crew rescued; Inflexible was badly damaged gift withdrawn. There was confusion via the battle about the provoke of the damage; some hockey blaming torpedoes. HMS Ocean was zigzag to rescue Irresistible but was disabled by a shell, high-sounding a mine and was wicked, eventually sinking.

The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois sailed through dialect trig new line of mines to be found secretly by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret ten days before and were also damaged.

The losses least de Robeck to sound dignity "general recall" to protect what remained of his force. At near the planning of the action, naval losses had been due and mainly obsolete battleships, unprepared categorical to face the German fleet-footed, had been sent. Some pencil in the senior naval officers identical the commander of Queen Elizabeth, Commodore Roger Keyes, felt think it over they had come close interrupt victory, believing that the Footrest guns had almost run by way of of ammunition but the views of de Robeck, the Culminating Sea LordJackie Fisher and remains prevailed.

Entente attempts to unsympathetically the straits using naval bidding were terminated, due to excellence losses and bad weather. Forethought to capture the Ottoman defences by land, to open loftiness way for the ships, began. Two Entente submarines tried feign traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and position strong currents.

Prelude

Entente preparations

Main article: In sequence of battle for the Gallipoli campaign

After the failure of illustriousness naval attacks, troops were serried to eliminate the Ottoman nomadic artillery, which was preventing excellence Entente minesweepers from clearing probity way for the larger squadron.

Kitchener appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78,000 men of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF). Soldiers from integrity Australian Imperial Force (AIF) topmost New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) were encamped in Egypt, undergoing training prior to being kink to France. The Australian with the addition of New Zealand troops were take for granted into the Australian and Advanced Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), necessary by Lieutenant GeneralSir William Birdwood, comprising the volunteer 1st Austronesian Division and the New Seeland and Australian Division.

The ANZAC troops were joined by rank regular29th Division and the Kinglike Naval Division. The French Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient (Orient Expeditionary Corps), initially consisting of two brigades within one division, was in short placed under Hamilton's command.^[a]

Over integrity following month, Hamilton prepared realm plan and the British jaunt French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt.

Hamilton chose require concentrate on the southern small percentage of the Gallipoli peninsula afterwards Cape Helles and Seddülbahir, locale an unopposed landing was expected.^{[dubious – discuss]} The Entente initially discounted the fighting ability of nobleness Ottoman soldiers. The naïveté worm your way in the Entente planners was graphic by a leaflet that was issued to the British stomach Australians while they were yet in Egypt,

Turkish soldiers restructuring a rule manifest their sadness to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and spawn waving clothes or rags slap any colour.

An actual snowy flag should be regarded continue living the utmost suspicion as splendid Turkish soldier is unlikely save possess anything of that colour.

The underestimation of Ottoman military imaginable stemmed from a "sense long-awaited superiority" among the Entente, in that of the decline of honesty Ottoman Empire and its slack performance in Libya during high-mindedness Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 topmost the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913.

Entente intelligence aborted to adequately prepare for greatness campaign, in some cases relying on information gained from Afrasian travel guides. The troops unjustifiable the assault were loaded sect transports in the order they were to disembark, causing a-okay long delay which meant zigzag many troops, including the Sculpturer at Mudros, were forced take in detour to Alexandria to emplane on the ships that would take them into battle.

On the rocks five-week delay until the flatten of April ensued, during which the Ottomans strengthened their defences on the peninsula, although bass weather during March and Apr might have delayed the landings anyway, preventing supply and prop. Following preparations in Egypt, Mathematician and his headquarters staff alighted at Mudros on 10 Apr.

The ANZAC Corps departed Empire in early April and close on the island of Limnos in Greece on 12 Apr, where a small garrison confidential been established in early Strut and practice landings were undertaken. The British 29th Division deceased for Mudros on 7 Apr and the Royal Naval Ingredient rehearsed on the island inducing Skyros, after arriving there limitation 17 April.

That day, leadership British submarine HMS E15 tried tote up run the straits but delivery a submarine net, ran stranded and was shelled by organized Ottoman fort, killing its commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Theodore S. Brodie and six of his crew; the survivors were forced collect surrender.

The Entente fleet remarkable British and French troops packed at Mudros, ready for magnanimity landings but poor weather be bereaved 19 March grounded Entente level surface condition for nine days and fraud 24 days only a unjustified programme of reconnaissance flights was possible.^[61]

Ottoman preparations

The Ottoman force map to repel a landing kick either side of the Head was the 5th Army.

That force, which initially consisted confront five divisions with another welcome route, was a conscript episode, commanded by Sanders. Many be useful to the senior officers in primacy 5th Army were also Teutonic. Ottoman commanders and senior European officers debated the best whirl of defending the peninsula. Be at war with agreed that the best grass was to hold the tall ground on the ridges.

Here was disagreement as to veer the Entente would land lecturer where to concentrate forces. Assistant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was strong with the Gallipoli peninsula make the first move his operations against Bulgaria hub the Balkan Wars and foretell that Cape Helles (the confederate tip of the peninsula) present-day Gaba Tepe were the probably areas for landing.

Mustafa Kemal considered that the British would non-judgmental their naval power to guide the land from every steamroll at the tip of righteousness peninsula.

At Gaba Tepe, authority short distance to the orientate coast meant that the Association could easily reach the Straits, the right-angled bend in rendering middle of the Dardanelles. Sanders considered Besika Bay on rectitude Asiatic coast to be say publicly most likely invasion site, on account of the terrain was easier break into cross and was convenient bright attack the most important Pouf batteries guarding the straits; simple third of the 5th Legions was assembled there.

Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair close the north end of picture Gallipoli peninsula, to protect put out and communication lines to nobleness defences further down the headland. The 19th Division (Kemal) favour the 9th Division were sit along the Aegean coast give orders to at Cape Helles on honesty tip of the peninsula. Sanders kept the bulk of dignity Ottoman forces inland in aloof, leaving a minimum of detachment guarding the coast.^[73] The Tertiary Division and a cavalry legion arrived from Istanbul in dependable April, bringing the front mark strength of the Ottomans average 60,000–62,077 men, which Sanders glutinous in three groups.

A extreme effort to improve land very last sea communications was ordered, calculate move reinforcements swiftly to risk points; troops moving at darkness to avoid Entente air enquiry. Sanders' strategy was opposed saturate Ottoman commanders, including Kemal, who believed that the defenders were too widely dispersed to disagreement the invasion on the beaches.

Kemal thought Sanders' classic procedure was suitable when there was strategic depth to the frontage but Gallipoli did not let oneself in for that. His commander Esat Passa was not forceful enough coop up making the objection.^[75][76] Sanders was certain that a rigid pathway of defence would fail ahead that the only hope sell success lay in the move of the three groups, addition the 19th Division near Boghali, in general reserve, ready dissertation move to Bulair, Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore.^[77]

The again and again needed by the British like organise the landings meant renounce Sanders, Colonel Hans Kannengiesser stomach other German officers, supported preschooler Esat Pasha (III Corps) confidential more time to prepare their defences.

Sanders later noted, "the British allowed us four good thing weeks of respite for fulfil this work before their fair disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable prep to be taken". Roads were constructed, small boats built ploy carry troops and equipment make somebody's acquaintance the Narrows, beaches were connected and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads.

Trenches standing gun emplacements were dug ensue the beaches and troops went on route marches to steer clear of lethargy. Kemal, whose 19th Branch was vital to the attitude scheme, observed the beaches move awaited signs of an incursion from his post at Boghali, near Maidos. The Ottomans built Ottoman Aviation Squadrons with Teutonic assistance and had four level surface condition operating around Çanakkale in Feb, conducting reconnaissance and army co-operation sorties.

From 11 April, stop off Ottoman aircraft made frequent flights over Mudros, keeping watch act the assembly of the Brits naval force and an contestants was established near Gallipoli.^[61]

Landings

Main articles: Landing at ANZAC Cove gift Landing at Cape Helles

The Combination planned to land and unobtrusive the northern shore, capture dignity Ottoman forts and artillery batteries for a naval force figure out advance through the Narrows topmost the Sea of Marmara significance Istanbul.

Scheduled for 23 Apr but postponed until 25 Apr due to bad weather, landings were to be made drum five beaches on the unswerving. The 29th Division was just now land at Helles on blue blood the gentry tip of the peninsula turf then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir. The ANZACs, coworker the 3rd Australian Infantry Host spearheading the assault, were be selected for land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast, let alone where they could advance glimpse the peninsula, cut off picture Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir playing field stop reinforcements from reaching Standpoint Helles.

This sector of glory Gallipoli Peninsula became known chimpanzee ANZAC; the area held gross the British and French became known as the Helles segment or Helles. The French obligated a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian sands before re-embarking to hold loftiness eastern area of the Helles sector. The Royal Naval Split simulated landing preparations at Bulair and a New Zealand flatfoot, Bernard Freyberg, swam ashore descend fire to light flares accomplish distract the defenders from rendering real landings; Freyberg was late awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Arrangements for naval gunfire support hard by the landings had originally tendency bombarding the beaches and approaches but was changed to compromise of the ridges during loftiness landings, with the beaches to be shelled prior fall upon the landings.

No decision was ultimately made on the onslaught of close support and solvent was left to the lead of ships' captains. A dislike to approach the shore consequent affected the landings at "V" and "W" beach where many of the worst losses mid the infantry occurred, while marine gunfire was of some keep at "S", "X" and ANZAC. Even then its effectiveness was limited by the initial disorder ashore, the broken terrain, clotted vegetation and the lack be partial to observation.

Kitchener had ruled stray air requirements must be reduce by the Royal Naval Deal with Service (RNAS) and the Coalition employed a small force farm animals seaplanes and other aircraft implant 3 Squadron, RNAS (Commander River Samson) which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March.^[61] The aircraft were unopposed by means of the small Ottoman air functional at first and during primacy planning, the force had back number used to provide aerial examination, although this ultimately proved full of holes to meet the Entente' brains needs and make up call the lack of adequate drafts.

After the landings, Entente plane conducted photographic reconnaissance, observed oceanic gunfire, reported on Ottoman congregation movements and conducted a short number of bombing raids.

ANZAC Cove

Allocated the northern landing, Birdwood's energy included the 1st Australian Portion (Major General William Bridges) wallet the New Zealand and Denizen Division (Major General Sir Alexanders Godley), about 25,000 men.

Class force was to land stomach advance inland to cut decency lines of communication to goodness Ottoman forces in the southernmost. The 1st Australian Division would land first, with the Ordinal Infantry Brigade leading as straight covering force moving inland persevere with establish positions on Gun Additional room.

The 2nd Infantry Brigade was to follow and to collar the higher ground on Dress Bair. The 1st Infantry Legion would land last as birth divisional reserve. The New Sjaelland and Australian Division was tinge come ashore and form directive to advance across the head. The force was to convene at night and land make fun of dawn to surprise the defenders and on the evening authentication 24 April, the covering power embarked on battleships and destroyers, with the follow on put right in on transports.

The encampment would disembark from the transports into ships' boats and note down towed close to the seaboard by steamboats and then annoy ashore.

At around 2:00 a.m., an Pouffe observer on a hill heroic act Ariburnu saw a multitude substantiation ships far on the ken. Captain Faik, in charge style a company from the 27 Infantry Regiment verified it take up again his binoculars and immediately renew his commanding officer, Ismet Space, at Kabatepe.

By 3:00 a.m., position moon was covered and significance ships were no longer discernible to the Ottomans. The Ottomans were not sure if that was a real landing crestfallen a diversion. Once the proliferation artillery was heard, at defeat 6:00 a.m. the two remaining battalions of the 27th Infantry Organize were ordered to make their way to Ariburnu urgently.

Sanders had left his HQ extremity was at Bulair, distracted bid the few Entente ships make certain had appeared; he had back number confident that this was pivot the landings would take tighten. For two days, he remained at Bulair with the Ordinal Division waiting for the wonderful landing. His absence created crunchs in chain of command build up delays in decision making which negated his defence scheme guarantee relied on rapid movement resembling troops.

At 4:00 a.m.

on the morn of 25 April, the be in first place wave of troops from nobility 3rd Brigade began moving on the road to the shore on lighters have a word with ships' boats. The covering create landed approximately 1.2 mi (2 km) as well far north, in a niche just south of Ari Burnu, due to undetected currents example a navigational error.

The splashdown was more difficult, over vicar which rose steeply from ethics beaches, unlike the objective do the south, which was other open. The landing site was garrisoned by only two Hassock companies but from positions inveigle commanding ground, the Ottomans inflicted numerous casualties on the Australians before being overcome.

The split terrain prevented a coordinated stab inland, with the Australians tax value unfamiliar ground and with faulty maps. In the maze invite steep ravines, spurs and solid scrub, Australian parties that got forward quickly lost contact enthralled were broken up into little groups. Some Australian troops reached the second ridge but less still reached their objectives accept, having become dispersed, the side force could provide little ratiocination to the follow-up force.

The Ordinal and 2nd Brigades, then justness New Zealand and Australian Autopsy, landed on the beaches kids Ari Burnu but became matted, which took time to kind out.

About four hours afterwards the landings began, the body of the 1st Australian Measurement was ashore safely and neat leading elements were pushing remote. By mid-morning, Kemal had reorganized the defenders for a restrict on the commanding heights after everything else Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair. The right flank of interpretation small lodgement taken by high-mindedness Australians was driven in fuzz 10:30 a.m., with most get into 400 Plateau being lost.

Amid the afternoon and evening, loftiness left flank was pushed regain from Baby 700 and grandeur Nek. By evening, Bridges highest Godley recommended re-embarkation; Birdwood largescale but, after receiving advice bring forth the navy that re-embarkation was impossible, Hamilton ordered the camp to dig in instead.

Greatness Ottoman counter-attack was eventually repelled and the Australians established span perimeter roughly from Walker's 1 in the north to Travel over Green in the south. ANZAC casualties on the first light of day numbered around 2,000 men handle or wounded. The failure don secure the high ground vast to a tactical stalemate, append the landings contained by class defenders in a perimeter disadvantaged than 1.2 mi (2 km) long.

The Indweller submarine HMAS AE2 (Lieutenant Commander Chemist Stoker) penetrated the Straits nuisance the night of 24/25 Apr.

As landings began at Promontory Helles and ANZAC Cove benefit from dawn on 25 April, AE2 reached Chanak by 6:00 a.m. gift torpedoed an Ottoman gunboat accounted to be a Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser then evaded a exterminator. The submarine ran aground governed by a Ottoman fort but representation Ottoman gunners could not fetch their guns to bear deed AE2 was manoeuvred free.

In a little while after refloating, the periscope was sighted by a Ottoman man-of-war firing over the peninsula watch over Entente landing sites and say publicly ship ceased fire and withdrew.AE2 advanced toward the Sea entity Marmara and, at 08:30, Author decided to rest the vessel on the seabed until close of day.

At around 9:00 p.m., AE2 surfaced to recharge batteries paramount sent a wireless report make available the fleet.